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    • How Trees Talk And Why We Should Listen

    Trees are intelligent organisms that use an underground network to communicate. Learning to understand their language could help protect trees, benefit our ecology and improve our health.

    Do you ever think about that tree you planted in grade school? Probably not, but take yourself back in time for a minute …

    It’s Arbor Day. Every student and teacher is standing outside your school, holding small potted plants in hand. Amidst the chaos and excitement, you can vaguely remember a lesson going along with the day’s activities. If you were anything like me, you tuned most of it out, because hey, it was springtime and you were outside. These kinds of school days are what you live for at 8 years old.

    So, you planted your tree, got the warm fuzzies for doing your part and never thought about it again.

    Fast forward 20 years. Since that day in 2nd grade, over 300 billion trees have been harvested. The one tree you planted, while helpful, is just a splinter in the effort to combat climate change and the destruction of our delicate ecosystem.

    Why Planting One Tree Is Important

    Since the dawn of agriculture, our planet’s tree population has been cut by almost half. It is reported that 15 billion trees per year are harvested globally, with only 5 billion per year being planted to resupply. This isn’t counting the 4-5 million acres of forest fires that consume thousands of trees annually in the U.S. alone.

    The effect of deforestation is a slow process, but not as slow as you might think. At the rate we’re currently going, Earth could be completely void of trees in just a few hundred years.

    Trees play an important part in the planet’s carbon cycle, and without them, the earth’s ecosystem would be destroyed. Though the one tree you planted in grade school may seem insignificant, it wasn’t in vain. Here’s why:

    • Trees transform light from the sun, water from the ground and carbon dioxide from the air into food. During this process, trees also create oxygen, which gets released back into the atmosphere. Scientists believe that just one tree can provide a day’s supply of oxygen for four people.
    • Trees remove harmful and even deadly pollutants from the air by breathing them in through their leaves. A single, healthy tree is believed to be able to store almost 50 pounds of carbon each year. The average American’s carbon footprint in the United States was estimated at 20 tons per year. It would take 800 trees—that’s almost two acres of trees spaced 10 feet apart—just to store one American’s yearly carbon use.
    • Trees also trap airborne particles like dust, pollen, ash and smoke from the air. This type of pollution may seem more like a nuisance than an actual threat but a staggering 4.6 million people die every year from air contamination. Wildfire smoke from this season’s forest fires alone has made breathing air in Seattle equivalent to smoking 7 cigarettes. Trees are an extremely valuable weapon against diseases caused by poor air quality.
    • Trees give us clean water: 97% of the world’s fresh water is stored in natural underground reservoirs called aquifers. These stores provide us with clean drinking water and irrigation water for our crops. After a tree has its fill of rain water, the excess runs past its roots and into the earth’s aquifers.
    • Trees can filter soil pollutants, too. Water runoff from a farm contains up to 88% less nitrate and 76% less phosphorus after flowing through a forest. A single sugar maple tree can remove 140mg of chromium, 820mg of nickel, and 5,200mg of lead from the soil per year.
    • Trees can create rain and prevent floods. One mature oak tree can transpire more than 100 gallons of water per day. Transpiration is when water is absorbed through tree roots and released through their leaves into the air as vapor. Studies have shown that significantly more rain is produced from clouds that travel over forests than clouds that do not.
    • Trees are part of an important ecosystem that provides habitat and food for birds and other animals. In fact, trees are home to almost half the world’s species. Researchers have found that planting just one tree in an open pasture can increase bird biodiversity in the area from zero to 80.
    • Trees help regulate temperature, and not just by providing physical shade from the sun. The evaporation from a single tree can produce the cooling effect of 10 room size air conditioners.

    Trees are a vital factor in keeping our planet and its inhabitants alive and healthy. Despite human’s constant abuse of her throughout history, Mother Nature has learned to shift and heal in order to adapt to the constant changes. The good news is the U.S. has been adding to the forests steadily since the 1940’s. China, in an effort to battle overwhelming pollution, has a plan to plant 32,400 square miles of trees in 2018 alone. In fact, over 120 countries have pledged to plant more trees and restore forests in response to the devastation consumerism has wreaked on planet Earth.

    The Surprising Healing Benefit Of Trees

    We’re at a time in history when global health is declining almost as quickly as healthcare costs are surging. The world’s population is desperate for safe and accessible ways to heal mentally, emotionally, and physically.

    Trees may just be the answer we are looking for: studies have shown that spending quality time with our tree friends can lower blood pressure, decrease stress hormones, fight depression, accelerate healing, and improve immune system function. Because of this new research, many countries are putting more effort into planting trees and getting people outside.

    • In South Korea, plans to open almost 40 healing forests are already in the works. These retreats are open to everyone and offer activities like forest prenatal classes, barefoot garden walks, even programs for bullies to decrease their aggression. Their mission is simple: “to realize a green welfare state, where the entire nation enjoys well-being.”
    • In Japan, millions of dollars and thousands of hours have been spent studying nature’s effects on the overall health of human beings. Researchers have extensively studied a practice called “shinrin-yoku,” which is essentially spending time outside, breathing in nature. As it turns out, the smell of nature is actually a huge part of its healing benefit. Trees produce what scientists call phytoncide, which is what gives trees their “woodsy” smell. This smell—the essential oil of nature—has proven to provide impressive healing benefits. Forest therapy is considered so important in parts of Japan that it is often covered by healthcare benefits.
    • In the United States, some pediatricians are prescribing nature to children as a form of preventative medicine. Ecotherapy has been implemented by doctors across the nation to help ease symptoms of anxiety and accelerate healing.

    In many countries, Licensed Forest Therapy Guides will walk you through nature, like a real-time guided meditation. Why do they choose nature over neighborhoods? It’s simple: a 2011 study compared walking through the city vs. walking through the forest. Although both activities required the same amount of physical effort, the forest walks decreased stress hormones and lowered blood pressure significantly more than walks through the city. Nature walkers also showed decreased activity in the subgenual prefrontal cortex—a part of the brain that is responsible for depression and negativity. Whether you pay for a retreat or frolic in the trees solo, forest therapy is happening all around the world with the same positive results, proving that nature may truly be the best medicine.

    Talking Tree Roots

    We know that humans, animals, and all living creatures cannot live without trees. But can trees live without one another?

    Scientists are now discovering that trees are much more like humans than we ever thought. No longer are trees seen with a “survival of the fittest” mentality, competing for food, water, and sunlight.

    Trees are actually much like families. They are social creatures and rely heavily on one another for survival. Mature “mother trees” suckle their young. Old, weaker trees (and even ancient stumps) are kept alive by their surrounding posterity. Friends strategically point their branches during growth so as not to overcrowd each other. They can even warn one another when there is danger. “A forest has an amazing ability to communicate and behave like a single organism — an ecosystem,” says Suzanne Simard, an ecologist at the University of British Columbia and a pioneer in the language of trees.

    And, as it turns out, a lot of this communication is happening just beneath the soil. Peter Wohlleben, author of “The Hidden Life Of Trees,” says that trees use an underground network to send and receive messages. This network, coined “The Wood Wide Web,” is made up of fungi that grow at root tips and connect one tree to another. With this network, trees are able to detect their surroundings and assist trees in need. If a seedling is weak or sick, the mother tree will send nutrients through her roots over to the struggling sapling. Trees that get attacked by bugs will send signals through the fungi so that neighboring trees can increase their own resistance to the threat. Wohlleben says that these family-like behaviors are so obvious to him, he can walk through a forest and tell which trees are working together. He says in his book: “[A] pair of true friends is careful right from the outset not to grow overly thick branches in each other’s direction. The trees don’t want to take anything away from each other … such partners are often so tightly connected at the roots that sometimes they even die together.”

    Trees can even store memories. They are the oldest living organism on earth, and Simard believes that these memory stores could have a lot to do with that. “They’ve lived for a long time and they’ve lived through many fluctuations in climate” Simard says. “They curate that memory in the DNA. The DNA is encoded and has adapted through mutations to this environment, so that genetic code carries the code for variable climates coming up.” The older trees share this DNA memory through the underground network in order to keep themselves—and their posterity—alive.

    The Importance Of Mindful Planting And Harvesting To Ecology

    Trees aren’t selfish creatures. The Wood Wide Web connects over 80% of the planet’s land plants to one another, which allows for communication and the transfer of nutrients such as water, carbon and nitrogen between species. Deforestation is a devastation to this ecosystem.

    While the U.S. forestry and forest products sector make up one of the most significant employers in U.S. manufacturing, some big steps are being made to make the industry more environmentally friendly. Paper mills aim to use every bit of the tree, even burning wood chips and bark to make renewable energy. The logging industry is being directed towards selectively thinning trees, rather than wiping out complete forests. And more recently, the White House has made plans for selective logging in order to keep catastrophic wildfires to a minimum.

    Both Wohlleben and Simard believe that trees go far beyond the basic characteristics of life; they are living, breathing organisms with behaviors much like ours. While Simard knows that trees will likely be harvested and used for as long as human beings are on this planet, she urges us to practice compassion and consciousness when dealing with our ancient friends. “We’ve got to reimagine ourselves as part of this network,” Simard says, “imagine yourself listening to all the other creatures … tap into that below ground network and become part of the conversation.” Simard points out that mindful harvesting is the key to keeping our forests and the ecological habitat it creates healthy and thriving for years to come. “When we do cut, we need to save the legacies, the mother trees,” she proposes, “so they can pass their wisdom on to the next generation of trees, so they can withstand the future stresses coming down the road.” She advocates for planting and allowing natural forest regeneration: “let Mother Nature have the tools she needs in order to heal herself,” she says.

    Despite the global net loss of 10 billion trees per year, the growth of U.S. forests currently exceeds the amount harvested by more than 33%. This is a great start, but we all have a part to play in conservation. Here are some ways you can help protect our trees and the ecosystem they create:

    • Get involved: Organize a tree planting project in your community or volunteer at one.
    • Be mindful: When you’re out for your daily (or weekly) dose of nature therapy, do not travel off trails and try not to disrupt the forest’s delicate ecosystem. That means no stomping around like Godzilla and certainly no carving your name into tree trunks (I’m looking at you, Carl + Kate forever).
    • Don’t litter: Pack out what you pack in. This includes seemingly harmless things, such as orange peels and sunflower seed shells. They can take months to decompose and can attract wildlife and other critters towards trails.
    • Camp smart: Always make sure your campfires are completely put out.
    • Educate yourself: develop a relationship with the trees in your own backyard. Learn how to care for and fertilize them. Tend to sick trees and practice proper maintenance techniques.
    • Go paperless: About 39% of the fibers used for making paper come from recycled materials, but we can still do more. Request that bills be sent electronically, print less when possible and opt for online magazine subscriptions.
    • Reuse and recycle: many items made from tree matter can be reused, recycled, or repurposed. Reuse gift bags, repurpose old furniture or use old newspapers as gift wrap. The options are endless!
    • Take it to your garden: Wood chips and sawdust from tree trimmings make excellent fertilizer when left to decompose in your garden. Contact your local arborist or landscaping company. Many times they will let home gardeners haul chips away for free. Chips hold 70% their volume in water, making them ideal for fruit-bearing trees. In the right climate, a tree can go without being watered for multiple years when it is fertilized with wood chips. They also give back to the ecosystem by providing food and nutrients for worms and microorganisms needed for optimum gardening.
    • Get outside: Take some time to appreciate the part trees play in the delicate balance of nature. The more time we spend with Mother Nature, the more we will understand what we can do to help her, and in turn, help ourselves.

    You may not often think of that tree you planted all those years ago, but Mother Earth does. She thanks you for it by using it as a tool to provide clean water, soil, oxygen and habitat for hundreds of living things. Because of your tree and the billions of trees being planted annually, we are quite literally sowing a better future for ourselves and generations to come. As the Chinese Proverb says, “The best time to plant a tree was twenty years ago. The second best time is now.”

    So go ahead, hug a tree today! And better yet: plant one.

    September 10, 2018 biodiversity, climate Comments Off on How Trees Talk And Why We Should Listen

    Meat That Grows on Trees — The Rise of the Impossible Burger

    The first time I tasted one, there was a rush of nostalgia. I tasted the soft bun and the symphony of pickles, tomatoes, lettuce, and onion. But what struck me most was the give and light smokiness of the patty. It was as if I was eating at a barbecue of my past, but without the guilt.

    An hour earlier, the patty, which looked like ground meat and had cooked like it too, sizzled in a skillet on my stovetop. I watched in amazement as its exterior changed from light pink to seared brown — exactly as I’d remembered burgers of a more animate origin doing in my childhood. It all seemed impossible. But that’s when I knew that plant-based burgers had leveled up.

    Biotech Companies and Lab Grown Meat

    Although the meat industry in the United States is worth $20 billion, serious competition is on the horizon.

    Companies like Future Meat Technologies and Mosa Meat aim to bring lab grown meat to the general public. Yes, you heard that right. Both companies have successfully grown muscular tissue and fat cells from small samples taken from farm animals. They’ve molded that lab grown product into burgers that they say are delicious.

    Early versions of their lab grown burgers were expensive (five years ago they cost over $300,000), but the meat has gotten more affordable. Prices have dropped to just over $11 per burger, although the Dutch researcher who developed the burger doesn’t think it will be available on a large scale for another two decades.

    Still, Future Meat and Mosa Meat face success and support (animal agriculture giant Tyson recently backed their cause). Their goal? to get lab grown meat into select restaurants by 2021.

    Meat Substitutes Done Right

    Biotech companies seeking to mimic meat are gaining momentum in Silicon Valley and in kitchens around the country. And although you might not think that ingredients like soy and pea protein and coconut oil and amaranth would combine to create a compelling burger, millions of dollars and years of research will do that. And hey, if it can fool food critic Mark Bittman, it can probably fool you, too.

    Two well-known biotech companies, Beyond Meat and Impossible Foods, have attracted high profile support, the latter raising $275 million from the likes of Bill Gates and Khosla Ventures.

    Plant-based meat substitutes have become more accessible—and tastier—than their earlier veggie burger counterparts. But their creators still strive to tempt meat-eaters to try plant-based substitutes. From the meticulous recreation of specific compounds that evoke a meaty ‘smell,’ to the years-long concocting of the heme molecule (responsible for the red color and metallic taste of blood), it’s evident that these companies are trying to woo eaters in both camps. And it’s working! U.S. markets have seen an 11 percent increase in the sale of plant-based meat substitutes from those who continue to consume animal protein.

    Taste factor? Check. Growing popularity, affordability, and accessibility of these products? Check. Environmental stewardship? Check. Plant-based alternatives are much gentler on the environment. For example, Beyond Meat “chicken” strips need only a pound of ingredients and a little over half a gallon of water while raising chickens requires 518 gallons of water per pound. Plus, an acre of farmland yields an average of 45 pounds of edible meat, while that same acre can produce 192 pounds of legume protein.

    Meat and the Environment — Water Resources

    Although more people are choosing to go meat-free (in the past three years, 600 percent more people in the U.S. identify as vegan), global meat production (317 million tons in 2016) is soaring and expected to grow as trends in meat consumption increase (the UN reported that worldwide meat consumption doubled between 1961 to 2007 and is set to double again in 2050).

    Unfortunately, the meat we consume strains Earth’s resources and affects freshwater reserves through runoff pollution that damages ecosystems, flora, and fauna, including coastal ecosystems and coral reefs in particular.

    Agriculture is already causing water scarcity—it’s estimated that the industry accounts for 92 percent of our global water footprint and that the practice drains 70 percent of freshwater from aquifers, lakes, and rivers.

    In the United States, animal agriculture accounts for a whopping 30 percent of our total water usage. While that may seem like an abstract statistic, consider the amount of water it takes to produce the animal protein of your choice: chicken requires 518 gallons of water per pound, beef 1,847 gallons per pound, sheep 1,248 gallons of water per pound, and pork measures in at 718 gallons per pound.

    With growing populations that put a strain on food resources, communities will need sustainable food production systems that use less water. One idea is to move toward a plant-based diet because growing plants results in more protein per acre using less water than it takes to produce meat (216 gal./lb. soy and 108 gal./lb. corn).

    Environmental Stewardship

    Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere account for global warming trends and climate change, and the agriculture industry is responsible for 18 percent of carbon and methane emissions, according to the United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). That contribution is significant—a 2017 study found that three American meat companies (JBS, Cargill, and Tyson) produced more greenhouse gas emissions in the preceding year than did the entire country of France.

    Plus, animal agriculture, which utilizes 80 percent of the earth’s farmland, contributes to diminishing biodiversity as communities around the globe tear down forests to create farmland. It’s gotten so bad that a recent study reported that over 58 percent of the globe’s surface had lost the factors of biodiversity that had made it habitable by people in the first place.

    Animal agriculture and meat consumption has impacted the environment—but fortunately, there are alternatives to your favorite meals. Explore the possibility of lab grown meats or indulge in a plant-based meat substitute. Your stomach—and your planet—will thank you!

    September 10, 2018 water Comments Off on Meat That Grows on Trees — The Rise of the Impossible Burger

    Flying Seeds are the Future: The New Face of Reforestation

    Planting Trees From the Ground Up

    In the time it takes to snap your fingers, an acre and a half of tropical forest is lost. This amount of daily destruction to forests is due to deforestation, which is the permanent destruction of forests to make the land available for other uses. According to the World Wildlife Fund, the largest cause of deforestation is agriculture.

    In an attempt to address this, reforestation was one of the first practiced climate change solutions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. According to the United Nations, metropolitan areas emit 80 percent of our planet’s greenhouse gases. Reforestation provides a simple solution to this problem: plant trees and they’ll both drink and store carbon dioxide in the air, resulting in a cooler atmosphere and climate. One problem: with half an acre of forest lost every second, the original boots-on-the-ground method of reforestation can’t repopulate trees quickly enough.

    Global Warming Solutions Take to the Sky

    Australian engineering company, Biocarbon, decided to focus on technology that can help speed up both the process and likelihood of successful reforestation efforts. Expanding upon the logic of reforesting, they combined it with AI and created a seed planting drone.

    This might sound too good to be true and far more futuristic than 2018, but we have arrived.

    Before the drone takes flight, it is programmed with data from a statistical analysis on the health of the environment it is targeting—this includes topography, vegetation type, and plant health. Once that’s done, it is given a planting pattern and loaded with a variety of bullet-shaped species to promote biodiversity. Now equipped with a mission, the drone is ready to go.

    Once overhead, the drone shoots a “tree bullet” into the ground at the precise depth and position necessary to support the growth of a healthy tree. The capabilities of the drone are immense. Biocarbon has plans to build out an army of 10,000 of these drones, each of which can plant up to 100,000 trees a day—that’s an estimated 1 billion trees in a year!

    In addition to the Biocarbon drones, other ways of reforesting are arising. For instance, in her book Seedbombs: Going Wild with Flowers, Josie Jeffrey describes how “seed bombs” can be used to plant species in hard to reach areas. Thrown over walls or fences into difficult to reach areas, the “bomb” is a tiny circular ball made up of a seed, clay, and compost, all of which facilitates the plant species growth and health. An ancient Japanese practice called Tsuchi Dango, meaning ‘Earth Dumpling’, seed bombs are a tried and true method.

    Again, today more than ever, we have the opportunity to match science and technology with key opportunities to help reverse some of the harmful changes our species has made to our planet. It’s an exciting time to be able to deliver new-to-the-world technological solutions that, quite literally, bloom.

    September 10, 2018 biodiversity, climate Comments Off on Flying Seeds are the Future: The New Face of Reforestation

    Become part of the solution in Tolum
    September 6, 2018 Uncategorized Comments Off on Become part of the solution in Tolum

    How Drones can help rebuild the planet

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    Integer sodales sem nec purus auctor ac ultricies tellus viverra. Phasellus vel mi turpis. Donec ac dictum velit. Duis ac odio tellus. Nunc et justo elit, pharetra imperdiet est. Cras nulla augue, rutrum a porta at, sagittis non quam. Phasellus semper metus ac tellus interdum a pellentesque odio ornare. Vestibulum pretium molestie sodales. Nullam in interdum magna. Nunc convallis rutrum arcu.

    September 6, 2018 Uncategorized Comments Off on How Drones can help rebuild the planet
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